The abbreviation
of TOEFL is Test Of English as a Foreign Language. Theoritically, it is used
for a test to evaluate the English language skills of nonnative speakers, or in
other words it is a test that evaluates the ability of an individual to use and
understand English in an academic setting. Normally, The TOEFL is taken by people who want to study on university in the us and other English speaking countries or who want to join certain independent organization and institutions.
The type of structure of TOEFL are so many :
The type of structure of TOEFL are so many :
NOUNS
A noun
is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can
be named, and that name is a noun.
Categories Noun :
Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings)
Categories Noun :
Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings)
mass nouns (or non-count
nouns), which name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood)
collective nouns, which can
take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or
items (jury, team, class, committee, herd)
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is often defined as a word which can
be used instead of a noun.
Example: instead of saying John is a student
the pronoun he
can be used in place of the noun John and the sentence becomes He is a
student.
personal
pronouns sometimes have different forms for masculine/male, feminine/female and
neuter (he-she-it). Also unlike nouns, personal pronouns have
different forms depending on if they act as subjects or objects (he-him,
she-her). A subject is a word which does an action and usually comes
before the verb, and an object is a word that receives an action and usually
comes after the verb.
HELPING VERBS
In most cases,
the words in sentences need a little help in order to make the intended meaning
crystal clear. Verbs are no exceptions. Luckily, there are helping verbs
to stand up and do just that.
The primary
helping verbs are be, do, and have.
They’re called primary because they can help main verbs or they can actually be
the main verb.
1. “Be” verbs. The term “be verbs” is a little deceiving because they
include more than the word “be.” They help show a state of being or a state of
existing.
Here is a list
of “be” verb forms: am, is, are, was, were, been, being, be.
Example: Fitri is watching television. (this
shows a continuous tense.)
2. Have. The helping verb have is used to make perfect tenses.
The perfect tense shows action that is already completed.
Example: I have
finished washing the dishes. (Dish washing is complete!)
3. Do. The verb “do” can perform a variety of functions:
- To make
negatives: I do not care for broccoli.
- To ask
questions: Do you like broccoli?
- To show
emphasis: I do you want you to eat your broccoli.
- To stand for
a main verb: Sam like broccoli more than Carmen does.
DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”
Articles in
English are invariable. That is, they do not change according to the gender or
number of the noun they refer to, e.g. the
boy, the woman, the children
'The' is used:
1. to refer to
something which has already been mentioned.
Example:
An elephant and
a mouse fell in love.
The mouse loved the
elephant's long trunk,
and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.
and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.
2. When both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about,
even if it has not been mentioned before.
Example:
'Where's the bathroom?'
'It's on the first floor.'
'It's on the first floor.'
3. In sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular
person or object:
Example:
The man who wrote this book is famous.
'Which car did you scratch?' 'The red one.
My house is the one with a blue door.'
'Which car did you scratch?' 'The red one.
My house is the one with a blue door.'
5. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers: (see Adjectives)
Example:
The highest building, the first page, the last chapter.
6. With adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people:
Example:
The Japanese (List of nationalities in English), the
old
TENSES
In grammar, tense is a category that locates a sintuation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place. Tense is the grammaticalisation of time reference, often using three basic categories of "before now", the pastst "now", the present and "after now", the future.
Simple Tenses
Simple Tenses
The simple
tenses are used to show permanent characteristics of people and events or what
happens regularly, habitually or in a single completed action.
The continuous
tenses are used when talking about a particular point in time.
Sometimes you
need to give just a little bit more information about an action or state...and
that is where the perfect tenses come in.
The perfect
tenses are used when an action or situation in the present is linked to a
moment in the past. It is often used to show things that have happened up to
now but aren't finished yet or to emphasize that something happened but is not
true anymore. When they end determines which of them you use.
Perfect tenses
are never used when we say when something happened i.e. yesterday, last year
etc. but can be used when discussing the duration of something i.e. often, for,
always, since etc.. The Future Tenses
Discussing the
future in English can seem complicated.The present simple, present continuos, present perfect simple and the present present perfect continuous can all be
used and often it is
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective
clause is clause which is preceded by a clause markers like who, whom, which,
where, when, whose or why. The function to describe nouns.
For example :
1. The boy
..... is in the garden is my brother.
a. What c.
Who
b. Where d.
Which
The answered is
c
PREPOSITIONS
A perposotion is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns
or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and
other words in a sentence. They describe, for example:
a)
Simple Preposition: about, above, across, after, etc.
b)
Compound Preposition: despite, beyond, upon, besides, etc
c)
Double Preposition: inspite of, due to, as regards, next to, etc
d)
Participal Preposition: regarding, barring, pending, during, etc
e)
Phrase Preposition: instead of, on account of, in line with, etc
CAUSATIVE
The causative is a common structure in English. it is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something.
a) Causative – Have: I have him repair the door
a) Causative – Have: I have him repair the door
b)
Causative – Get: I often get my sister to clean her room.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
An adjective usually comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several words which, Like all clauses, will include a subject and a verb.
a) Subject pronoun: who – which – that
a) Subject pronoun: who – which – that
b)
Object pronoun: who – which – that
c)
Using whose and where
Sourch:
en.wikipedia.org
http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos6.htm
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensetext.html#sthash.kjDJJWm3.dpuf
www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensetext.html
