tugas bahasa inggris 2

CANCER

Prevention Starts on Your Plate

Let's face it: It's really hard to see a light side of cancer. Even jokes about this deadly disease can't help but remind us of our mortality.

But one of the brightest sides of cancer these days is that so much of it seems to be preventable. Many experts believe that at least 50 percent of cancer cases could be averted with changes in diet. But because changing their diets is not an easy thing for people to do, some experts believe that. supplements may be needed to make up for existing nutritional deficiencies.

"There's no one magic bullet to prevent cancer, but there are dietary changes you can make that, when combined, will certainly reduce your risk of cancer," says Patrick Quillin, R.D., Ph.D., certified nutrition specialist, nutritional director for the Cancer Treatment Centers of America, headquartered in Arlington Heights, Illinois, and author of Beating Cancer with. Nutrition.

The sooner you make those dietary changes, the better your chances of never having to battle this deadly foe, Dr. Quillin says. "Cancer usually develops slowly, over many years, and goes through a number of stages," he adds.

Nutrition is most likely to have an impact on the early precancerous stages known as initiation and progression. These stages include potentially stoppable, even reversible, changes in a cell's genetic material, which are often the result of damage caused by chemical reactions in the body. Once the genetic changes are complete, however, and the now cancerous celljbe-gins to multiply, nutrition is no longer a sole therapy option.

Researchers are still figuring out the exact details of a cancer-preventing diet, and they probably will be for a long time to come. Sometimes contradictory findings remind us that much remains to be learned about nutrition and cancer. Nevertheless, certain nutrients stand out as valiant warriors in the war against cancer. Here's what research shows

Food Factors

Just about everything that goes in your mouth can play a role, positive or negative, when it comes to cancer. Vitamins and minerals are only part of the story. Experts offer these additional dietary suggestions to reduce your risk.

Eschew the fat. A high-fat diet ups your odds for most kinds of cancer.

Experts say that an optimum cancer-preventive diet should contain no more than 20 to 25 percent of calories from fat. That's about half of the amount of fat that most Americans eat.

To reach that goal, stick mostly with fruits and vegetables, whole grains and beans, fish and shellfish, lean meats and low-fat or nonfat dairy products.

Change the one-third rule. Experts used to suggest that you get no more than one-third of your daily fat allotment from each of these sources: saturated fats, polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats.

Saturated fats, which are hard at room temperature, include animal fatslard and butter, for example and hydrogenated vegetable oils, the white stuff that comes in a can. (Lots of processed foods are made with hydrogenated vegetable oils; make sure you read the labels carefully.)

Polyunsaturated fats include most vegetable oils, such as corn, saf-flower, sunflower and soy. Monounsaturated fats include olive oil, canola oil and the fat found in avocados.

But there is growing evidence that monounsaturated oils can help prevent certain kinds of cancer. That is why some researchers are beginning to suggest that the one-third rule be changed. They recommend that you get no more than one-fourth of your daily fat allotment from saturated fats, another one-fourth from polyunsatu-rates and the remaining half from the healthy monounsaturates. You can increase your use of monounsaturates "by switching to olive oil or canola oil or by mixing them equally with polyunsaturated oils when you cook.

Use the freshest oils you can -find, at least one expert recommends. Never use rancid oil if it smells "off," toss it. Oils become rancid as they oxidize and produce damaging free radicals. Buy your oil in small quantities and keep it refrigerated.

Go on green. While beta-carotene has gotten most of the attention, evidence suggests that other components in vegetables may prove as powerful at licking cancer. One of them, lutein, is found in broccoli, green peas, celery, kale and spinach.

Watercress may also fight cancer. In one study, a compound in watercress called PEITC appeared to prevent lung cancer in experimental animals exposed to cigarette smoke.

Don't forget the tomatoes. While they don't contain much beta-carotene, tomatoes are packed with lycopene, a close relative with suspected health benefits. A study from Italy found that people who ate seven or more servings a week of raw tomatoes were 60 percent less likely to develop cancer of the stomach, colon or rectum compared with people who ate two or fewer servings a week. Besides tomatoes, ruby red grapefruit and sweet red peppers are good sources of lycopene.

Be a tea tippler. It turns out that tea contains substances called polyphenols that, in laboratory animals at least, have been proven to have cancer-preventing properties. "These substances act as antioxi-dants and neutralize cell-damaging free radicals just as vitamins do," explains Zhi Y. Wang, Ph.D., associate research professor in the Department of Dermatology at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City.

Both green and black tea are rich in polyphenols. Based on his research, Dr. Wang suggests that you use regular tea, which naturally contains caffeine, rather than artificially decaffeinated tea, because regular tea has better cancer-protecting effects.

Gobble up garlic. This pungent bulb wards off more than evil spirits. A study from researchers at Pennsylvania State University in University Park founcj, that garlic inhibits breast cancer cell formation. And Iowa researchers found that eating garlic at least once a week cut women's risk of colon cancer by one-third compared with women who never ate garlic.

Compounds in garlic, onions and chives all members of the allium vegetable family are involved in the production of enzymes that neutralize cancer-causing chemicals.

My comment :

Cancer is disease its very dead and very dangerous. Cancer is the result grown abnormal to cell body changed to be cancer calls. In grown up, this cancer cells can spread other to part of body. Cancer that can cause is dead. It’s cluster more complex from as kind of cancer diases. Cancer can get influence every body in body human. Many people shocked when knowing cancer that can effect parts body such as eye and heart. Kind of cancer effect, indicatio, and medicine method is different. Such as cluster other of disuase, some kind of cancer that is more general from other.

Eat also can be other factor cause of cancer. Example kind of eat in can cause cancer is eat sour. Can get level effect being side cancer. Drink is can alcohol caused effect more than high troat cancer.

Although it is very difficult to cure cancer , but still there are many ways to prevent the body from cancer . Healthy lifestyle , exercise , maintain a diet , taking vitamins , reducing the consumption of junk food , cigarettes and alcohol reduce a little ways to reduce cancer risk . Although cancer is difficult to detect as early as possible , but it is good we keep ourselves from all forms of cancer risk factors . keep your health to avoid the disease.

DIBLIOGRATHY

Healing With Vitamins, By the edits of Prevention Health Books, Rodale.

tugas bahasa inggris bisnis 2

 LISTENING COMPREHENSION STRATEGY

The first session is a session on TOEFL Listening Comprehension test. In general, this session consists of 50 questions or inquiries. The duration of time provided to answer the third part is only for 35 minutes. We are required to hear some of the conversations that have been recorded previously, and then answer the questions based on the information that has been mentioned by cassette / tape recorder. This conversation is not shown on the question paper, but you will only see about numbers (1, 2, 3, etc..) Along with possible answers to each question (A, B, C, and D). In this first part you will need to listen carefully and concentrate on the conversation (dialogue and monologue). This is because you will not get a second chance to re-listen to a conversation.

Bellows are the secret to in crease your ability in listening according to me :

1.  You must often watching TV especially English movie and listen to it

2.  You must in crease your vocabulary by watching news and report on TV listen to them one on radio

3.  Make converstation with foreign people and try to understand of what they said,

4.  Attend the having seminar at your university and your shcol or in your city

5.  Make telephone call’s with friends and try telephone understand it

 

There are three sections in Listening Comprehension sessions. These parts are :

1.  Part A. This section consists of thirty short conversation (short conversations) between two people, both men and women. Each conversation ended with a question. You are required to choose one of the answer choices (A, B, C, and D) the most precise available on the question paper. The questions in Part A number ranging from 1 to 30.

2.  Part B. This section consists of two long conversations (longer conversations) between two people, both men and women. Each conversation is followed by four questions. You are welcome to choose the best answer (A, B, C, and D). The questions in Part B starting from number 31 to 38.

3.  Part C. The final section consists of three long speeches (talks) and only involves one person (monologue). Usually in the form of academic lectures or describe someone who was giving a lecture. Each talk is followed by four questions. You are required to answer by selecting one best answer. The questions in Part B starting from number 39 to 50.

For most people, Listening Comprehension is the hardest part when TOEFL tests. This time I will try to summarize what strategies should be done in order to answer the questions in the Listening Comprehension well.

General strategy for Listening Comprehension Section for part A, part B and part C

1.            Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every TOEFL test are the same, so it is not necessary to listen carefully to them each time. You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test.

2.            Listen carefully to the conversations and talks. You should concentrate fully on what the speakers are saying on the recording because you will hear the recording one time only.

3.           Know where the easier and more difficult questions are generally found. Within each part of the Listening Comprehension section, the questions generally progress from easy to difficult.

4.            Never leave any questions blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are unsure of the correct response, you should answer the question. There is no penalty for guessing.

5.            Use any remaining time to look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow. When you finish with one question, you may have time to look ahead at the answers to the next question.

LISTENING TEST

In the Listening test, you will be asked to demonstrate how well you understand spoken English. The entire Listening test will last approximately 45 minutes. There are four parts, and directions are given for each part. You must mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do not write your answers in your test book.

Directions and Practice Questions

Directions and examples of the types of questions you will find in the Listening Comprehension section of the TOEFL test are below. There are three parts to this section, with special directions for each part. Answer all questions based on what is stated or implied by the speakers you hear.

Do not:

take notes or write in your test book at any time

turn the pages until you are told to do so.

Part A

Directions: In Part A, you will hear short conversations between two people. After each conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversations and questions will not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Here is an example.

On the recording, you will hear:

(woman)  : Look, the bird cannot fly.

(man)       : Oh, it is hurt.

(narrator)  : What does the man mean?

In your test book, you will read:

A. It’s very good looking

B. It’s injured.

C. It looks worse than it feels.

D. Its feet are little thick.

The best answer to the question, "What does the man mean?" is B, “It’s injured." Therefore, the correct choice is B.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. You will hear: 

(woman)              :       What do you like about your new house?

(man)                   :       It’s ver.y close to a park.

(narrator)             :       What does the man mean?

You will read:    

A.   The house is closed up now.

B.   He parks his car close to his house.

C.   His home is near a park.

          D.  He doesn’t really like his new house.

2. You will hear: 

(man)                  : Mark said some really nice things to me?

(woman)             : He’s very grateful for what you did..

(narrator)            : What does the woman say about Mark?

You will read:    

A. He did a great job.

          B. He bought a crate full of fruit.

C. He made a great foot of himself.

D. He’s thankful.

3. You will hear: 

(woman)             : Why is Lisa so nervous?.

(man)                  : She has many pronlems.

(narrator)            : What does the man say about Lisa?

You will read:    

A. She faces many difficulties.

          B. She is sick.

          C. She has no money.

D.   She is very generous.

Part B

Directions: In this part of the test you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation you will hear several questions. The conversations and questions will not be repeated.

After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

SAMPLE CONVERSATION AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS

(narrator)   Questions 1 through 4. Listen to a conversation between two people who are talking about smokers.

(man)                  : Hi, you look gloomy. What’s up?"?

(woman)             : I’m sick of smokers?

(man)                  : What happened?

(woman)          : You know, I was on the bus this morning. It was sultry. And what made me crazy was that there was someone smoking in the bus. Imagine, in the bus. I coughed all the way.

(man)                  : Why didn’t you tell him to stop it?

(woman)        : I did. I told him to stop smoking but he didn’t care. It was terrible.

(man)                 : Theres should be a law that bans smoking in public spaces.

(woman)            : I completelyagree with you.

Questions: 

1. On the recording, you hear: 

(narrator)            : What are the man and the woman discussing?

In your test book, you read:    

A. Smoking on the bus.

          B. Finding a seat on a bus.

          C. Bus fare.

          D. Ordering a bus ticket.

2. On the recording, you hear: 

(narrator)            : When did the woman take the bus?

In your test book, you read:    

A. In the middle of the night.

          B. At noon.

          C. In the morning.

          D. In the afternoon.

3. On the recording, you hear: 

(narrator)            : How many smokers are in the bus?

In your test book, you read:

A. Four.

          B. Three.

          C. Two.

          D. One.

4. On the recording, you hear: 

(narrator)            : What sould the government do to ban smoking in public areas.

          A. Throw all cigarettes away.

 B. Make a law banning smoking.

 C. Arrest smokers.

 D. Letting smokers stop on their own.

Part C

Directions: In this part of the test you will hear several talks. After each talk, you will hear some questions. The talks and questions will not be repeated.

After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Here is an example.

On the recording, you will hear:

(narrator)      : Listen to an instructor talk to his class about a television program.

(man)      : I'd like to tell you about an interesting TV program that'll be shown this coming Thursday. It'll be on from 9 to 10 p.m. on Channel 4. It's part of a series called "Mysteries of Human Biology." The subject of the program is the human brain — how it functions and how it can malfunction. Topics that will be covered are dreams, memory, and depression. These topics are illustrated with outstanding computer animation that makes the explanations easy to follow. Make an effort to see this show. Since we've been studying the nervous system in class, I know you'll find it very helpful.

Here is an example.

You will hear: 

(narrator)            : What is the main purpose of the program?

In your test book, you will read: 

                A. To demonstrate the latest use of computer graphics.

                B. To discuss the possibility of an economic depression.

                C. To explain the workings of the brain.

                D. To dramatize a famous mystery story.

The best answer to the question, "What is the main purpose of the program?" is C, "To explain the workings of the brain." Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Here is another example.

You will hear: 

(narrator)  :  Why does the speaker recommend watching the program?

In your test book, you will read: 

                A. It is required of all science majors.

                B. It will never be shown again.

                C. It can help viewers improve their memory skills.

                D. It will help with course work.

The best answer to the question, "Why does the speaker recommend watching the program?" is D, "It will help with course work." Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

Sumber :

http://httethas882.blogspot.com/2013/04/strategi-cara-mengerjakan-atau-menjawab.html

Irham Ali Saifuddin, 2005, Buku Pintar TOEFL, DIVA Press, Yogyakarta.